Galls

[goosey]

I have only just become familiar with Galls and what they actually are. I thought I would try and explain these photographs instead of just saying “these are Galls” I think this is right, I am sure someone will correct me if it isn’t!

The large growths on the undersides of these oak leaves are Cherry Galls. They are made by the Cynips quercusfolii wasps (Cynipidae family) and each gall contains a grub, a parthenogenetic female (they produce offspring without mating). They will emerge in midwinter as a gall wasps. Then will lay their own eggs on or close to an Oak tree trunk in the Spring, which become tiny purple “sexual generation” (male + female) galls which mate to produce these large cherry galls again – full circle!

In the second photo , there are some small growths on the same leaf as the cherry gall, these are Spangle Galls, made by Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, another Gall wasp. In spring wasps barely 3mm long will hatch from these, they will all be parthenogenetic females. They will then lay their own eggs in oak male catkins (flowers), when they hatch the plant tissue will swell around larvae, this is what the larvae feed on, as the larvae grow so does the gall around it. Male and female wasps emerge from these, they will mate, lay eggs on the leave and the whole process starts again.


There all lots of types of oak gall as well as galls on other plants like roses, willow and brambles, which I am yet to see myself – or probably have seen but not realised what they were. I think it would be good to see more images here of different types – so if anyone has any……………. I’d love to know what to look out for in future.

[Suzanne B]

Hi Goosey
That's really interesting info.
I've seen pictures of Galls before but never realised what they were, so your explanation is really helpful.
I will look out for them in future and see if I can get some photos to add to your collection.

[goosey]

Thanks Suzanne, I have seen pictures of galls on roses and they are so attractive fluffy, nicely coloured and look like flowers in their own right. I haven't seen any in the wild though. Some of the others I saw when I was looking for info on the images I posted, were quite ugly. I hope you do find some different ones to post. The were hundreds of the little spangle gall type around but and only a few of the Cherry ones and I didn't spot anything different.

[paul m]

Fascinating things. This has, in my part of the world, been a particularly good year for the nest-like ones such as the robin's pin-cushion seen on roses and caused by Diplolepsis rosae Galls Page 1
This one was as big as my head but seemed to be on a willow:



But there's some rose hips in there. I couldn't look more closely because it was overhanging the canal!

[goosey]

That is certainly a size! I never imagined Galls could ever get to that sort of size.
Thanks for that great link, it will come in handy when I find some more .

[paul m]

Originally Posted by goosey

That is certainly a size! I never imagined Galls could ever get to that sort of size.
Thanks for that great link, it will come in handy when I find some more .

There's a British Plant Gall Society which has set up a website and hopes to have a comprehensive gallery but it's far from that at present.

There's a technique for showing the animals within some galls - take (e.g. a lime leaf with those protruding galls, put it into caustic potash (or caustic soda) and the leaf becomes transparent ... fascinating well, I thought so ....

[goosey]

It does sound fascinating a bit like an x-ray. Does the caustic potash only effect the lime leaf so it does't harm the larvae? It's amazing how people come up with these ideas in the first place.
I had alook at the British Plant Gall Society web pages - it looks as if it will be a useful resource in the future. A huge amount of work, time and money has to go into these things even when they have all the info' already. It will be well worth it in the end I am sure.

[H Dogg]

Yes Gall's and Cynipidae are very interesting, although not only caused by hymenoptera also mites, aphids, psyllids, gall midges and fungi cause gall's.

Chalcids such as Torymus sp are interesting too as their parasitic larva feed on the Cynipidae larva within the gall and then finish off the gall.

[goosey]

Originally Posted by H Dogg

Yes Gall's and Cynipidae are very interesting, although not only caused by hymenoptera also mites, aphids, psyllids, gall midges and fungi cause gall's.

Chalcids such as Torymus sp are interesting too as their parasitic larva feed on the Cynipidae larva within the gall and then finish off the gall.

Do you have any photos you can add to the thread to show us please?

[H Dogg]

Originally Posted by goosey

Do you have any photos you can add to the thread to show us please?

I need to buy a macro lense for the Chalcids. As for the gall's afraid ive only really got into the photographic side fairly recently. More of a biology first photo second man. I will have a scout round see what i can find. the only photo's i do have are from Diplolepis rosae and a very blurry Biorhiza pallida oak apple gall (very common).

[goosey]

Originally Posted by H Dogg

I need to buy a macro lense for the Chalcids. As for the gall's afraid ive only really got into the photographic side fairly recently. More of a biology first photo second man. I will have a scout round see what i can find. the only photo's i do have are from Diplolepis rosae and a very blurry Biorhiza pallida oak apple gall (very common).

Not to worry H Dogg, it was only a thought. I would like to get out and have a look myself but the weather has been so bad all week and looks like the gales, rain and hail will stay for a few days yet - I hope you have more luck than me!

[goosey]

I found this Gall this morning, again on an oak leaf. It looks very different to the Cherry and Spangle galls though - any ideas please?

[H Dogg]

looks like the cherry galls of Cynips quercusfolii , although your gall seem's a little smaller and not as red.

[goosey]

Originally Posted by H Dogg

looks like the cherry galls of Cynips quercusfolii , although your gall seem's a little smaller and not as red.

Oh! Thanks, I wasn't expecting that. It looked more walnut like than the other cherry galls I have seen and had what looked like a ridge around it which can't be seen in this photo. As you noticed it was also smaller. Perhaps they become less knobbled and more colouful as they fill out?

[goosey]

I asked Hedgerow about this recent and he said -

Hi goosey,
Having looked through the British Plant Gall Society handbook for gall recognition again, I have to admit coming up with nothing.
Other than that is a guess based on a hunch so what follows can be comfortably ignored.
I have many Cynips divisa galls of which some have a shrivelled and conveluted appearance in various sizes and states of maturity. These I have assumed to be failed galls for some reason or another whilst still immature enough for the gall material to be soft and fluid filled which then dry out and with the loss of fluid also lose volume, thus the outer layers would take on a deflated balloon appearance.
You say that it is slightly smaller than a cherry gall Then I could say it may be a failed one.

So unless anyone else comes up with a different ID or explantion I will say that this is an image of a Failed Cherry Gall!

PS I realise now this should have actually gone on to the insect forum not here , but at least I have been able to move the photo's to the right gallery!

[goosey]

I have founfd another type of oak gall, this was larger than the others about 2cm and had a much more "woody" look to it rather than "fruity". It was also on a large twig and not a leaf. It actually looks like the wasps have made their escape now.

[black]

Hi Goosey, as you mentioned it was on a twig it is probably an Oak Marble Gall.
According to Galls Page 1

"Each gall normally houses one larva of the gall wasp, Andricus kollari - and possibly, several inquiline (foreign squatter species) intruders. When mature they vacate the hard woody sphere through tiny holes similar to 'woodworm' holes."

I saw some red devils horns looking galls on a sycamore leaf on the way into work this morning. They were the other side of some railings in the Liverpool Cathedral Gardens, I was running a bit late so I'll have to investigate at the weekend.

[Pudding4brains]

Hi Goosey,

Your new post just drew my attention to this topic for the first time - yes, interesting stuff. No time now, but I had at some point thrown some links together on a page ... probably in dire need of updating, but maybe it's of use anyway: My Linkpage

I think Eric had an interesting looking gall from France here on WATW the other day ... will look for that and try to add some galls of my own later tonight.

[paul m]

This is not a gall but the effect is similar:

Something has caused these flower stems (toadflax - Linaria sp) to proliferate into clusters rather than the normal narrow spikes.

I've never seen this before but suspect it is caused by a virus. ANyone else have any idea?

[goosey]

Originally Posted by Pudding4brains

Hi Goosey,

Your new post just drew my attention to this topic for the first time - yes, interesting stuff. No time now, but I had at some point threw some links together on a page ... probably in dire need of updating, but maybe it's of use anyway: My Linkpage

I think Eric had an interesting looking gall from France here on WATW the other day ... will look for that and try to add some galls of my own later tonight.

Hi Arp - did you forget! .

[Pudding4brains]

Originally Posted by goosey

Hi Arp - did you forget!

Who? Me? ... Forget? ... Nah! Just been busy



Okay, just a quicky - all on Oak:

The weevil Curculio villosus boring a hole in the gall of the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida (on Oak) to subsequently lay an egg in it:

Similar gall without the weevil


Oak Artichoke Gall (or Oak Hop Gall) caused by the parthenogenetic generation of the gall wasp Andricus foecundatrix:


Gall on the flowers of an Oak tree caused by the sexual generation of the gall wasp Neuroterus quercusbaccarum.

The parthenogenetic generation of this wasp causes the better known lentiform galls on oak:


Oh well, that's all for now ... more the next time you bully me

Arp

[goosey]

Originally Posted by Pudding4brains

Who? Me? ... Forget? ... Nah! Just been busy -Oh well, that's all for now ... more the next time you bully me

Sorry about that but some really nice images there Arp. It is amazing just how many types there are. I particularly like the Gall on Flowers

Here are a couple more galls – very different than the others I have found over the last 10 months
1.This has to be my favourite – it looks like a flower or one of those pom-poms I made a s a child. I found it at Arnside Knott in Cumbria UK, in July.
It is a Diplolepis rosae Robin's Pincushion or the Bedeguar gall. It is caused by another gall wasp this time Diplolepis rosae, which lays its eggs in Dog Roses stems or leaves. Each gall will contain several larvae, which overwinter in the gall and will emerge as wasps the next spring.

1.



2 + 3. Same gall. I am not sure at all about this one. I found it in Holland yesterday, it looks as if the plant it is on could be a type of Geranium – there was lots of it around as ground cover. This hairy gall was poking through the top of the leaf but most of it was underneath.
Any ideas what this one is?

2. 3.

[Pudding4brains]

Originally Posted by goosey

I particularly like the Gall on Flowers

Will look at some of those next time

2 + 3. Same gall. I am not sure at all about this one. I found it in Holland yesterday, it looks as if the plant it is on could be a type of Geranium

Could the plant be Glechoma hederacea??

[goosey]

Originally Posted by Pudding4brains

Will look at some of those next time

I meant I liked your image of Gall on Flowers, not that you had to go out and look for more!

Originally Posted by Pudding4brains

Could the plant be Glechoma hederacea??

Yes Arp! – I think that the plant is Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) – fancy thinking it was a type of geranium!
So that would make this gall Liposthenes glechomae! I have checked it out and it says the gall wasp is from the Cynipidae family and that there is usually only one larva per gall.
The Galls remain green hidden in vegetation, but will turn to a russet colour when it is exposed to sunlight.
Thanks!

[Pudding4brains]

Just saw that I don't have very many "galls on flowers" - I know there are a few sitting in batches of still unsorted images, but this is the only one I could find quickly is this one on Tansy and caused by a Midge (Rhopalomyia tanaceticola):


Cheers! Arp